Table 5 Functional properties of bekasam and fermented fish products

Bakasang

Antimicrobial

In vitro

Pediococcus acidilactici BksC24 isolated from bakasang had the highest ability to produce antimicrobial compound inhibiting the growth of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas fluorescens FNCC 0070)

[129]

Bekasam

Antibacteria

In vitro

Bacteriocin isolated from bekasam inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Salmonella sp

[67]

Antimicrobial

In vitro

Bacteriocin isolated from bekasam inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus

[68]

Antihypertensive

In vitro

Bekasam possesses ACE inhibitory activity which is thought to come from peptides formed during the fermentation process

[76]

Anticholesterol

In vitro

Lactobacillus acidophilus present in bekasam produce statin and peptide which act as HMG-CoA inhibitors, a key enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis

[69]

Budu

Antioxidant

In vitro

Two novel antioxidant peptides, LDDPVFIH and VAAGRTDAGVH, were isolated from Budu. The presence of hydrophobic amino acids (Ile and Leu), acidic (Asp) and basic (His) amino acids in the peptide sequences is believed to contribute to the high antioxidant activity of Budu extract

[130]

Fermented small cyprid fish

Anticoagulant

In vitro

Fermented small cyprid fish possesses fibrinolytic activity

[82]

Fish meat fermented by Bacillus subtilis

Antioxidant

In vitro

Fermented fish meat protein hydrolysate possesses free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential in vitro assays (DPPH radical method, reducing power assay, β-carotene bleaching and DNA nicking assay)

[72]

Heshiko

Antihypertensive

In vivo

Heshiko extract at low doses decreases systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ACE inhibitory peptides derived from heshiko extract are closely involved in the antihypertensive effect

[77]

Jeotgal

Anticancer

In vivo

Jeotgal possesses strong antiproliferative effects against the liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell HepG2

[81]

Katsuobushi

Antihypertensive

In vivo

Oligopeptides derived from Katsuobushi possesses ACE inhibitory activity and can effectively control blood pressure

[79]

Pekasam

Antioxidant

In vitro

Two novel peptides IAEVFLITDPK and AIPPHPYP from Pekasam demonstrated antioxidant activity. The presence of hydrophobic amino acids (Ile, Ala and Pro), and basic amino acids, (Lys) in the peptide sequences is believed to contribute to the high antioxidant activity

[74]

Plaa-som

Antimicrobial

In vitro

Weissella cibaria 110 isolated from Plaa-som produced a novel bacteriocin active (Weillicin 110) against some gram-positive bacteria

[131]

Shidal

Antioxidant

In vitro

Punti and Phasa Shidal exhibited antioxidant activity against DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing power (FRAP)

[75]

Suan yu

Antimicrobial

In vitro

Enterocin P producing Enterococcus faecalis Gr17 isolated from suan yu shows the antimicrobial effects against the L. monocytogenes, E. coli, S. aureus and B. cereus

[132]