Table 6 The potential functional properties of dadih
Functional properties | Method of analysis | Result | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Antimicrobial | In vitro | The probiotic Lactobacillus spp. isolated from dadih exhibited potent antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis | [63] |
In vitro | The probiotic L. plantarum strain 8m-21 isolated from dadih in the Solok region exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157. Their inhibitory zone was greater than penicillin, ampicillin and kanamycin | [15] | |
In vitro | The probiotic L. plantarum strain BDL11 isolated from soymilk dadih exhibited highest bacteriocin activity against Listeria monocytogenes compared to other strains | [87] | |
In vitro | The probiotic L. plantarum isolated from dadih exhibited resistance to acidic media (until pH of 2) and bile salts (0.5%), so it can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract | [64] | |
In vitro | The probiotic L. plantarum isolated from dadih in the Payakumbuh region exhibited greater antimicrobial properties than dadih from the Solok and Sijunjung regions against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi | [66] | |
In vitro | Plantaricin produced by L. plantarum, which was isolated from dadih in the Payakumbuh region, inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and E. faecalis) more effectively than Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) | ||
In vivo | Enterococcus faecium (strains IS-16183, IS-23427 and IS-27526), and L. plantarum (strains IS-20506 and IS-10506) isolated from dadih were able to significantly reduce the adhesion levels of pathogens (Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium histolyticum, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus). All pathogens were also displaced by natural strains from dadih. L. plantarum strain IS-10506 showed the most adhesive to human intestinal mucus and reduced human pathogen adhesion | [68] | |
Antioxidant | In vitro | Dadih produced by fermenting cow milk in a 1:1 ratio with 1% starter cultures of L. casei and L. plantarum, exhibited antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radicals | [20] |
In vitro | The soluble protein of dadih (fermented for 3 days) from the Agam region exhibited highest antioxidant properties against DPPH and ABTS radicals, as well as showed Fe-reducing power | [69] | |
In vivo | Giving dadih to experimental rats showed antioxidant properties by reducing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in kidney tissue and reduce renal interstitial fibrosis rank in aging kidneys | [70] | |
Antidiabetic | In vivo | Giving dadih can improve the pancreas of mice with diabetes mellitus based on the histopathological picture of those who experiences pycnosis | [71] |
Antimutagenic | In vivo | Fermented milk added with Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei R-68 (LCR68) isolated from dadih can significantly reduce the activity of β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase in Wistar rat feces, and expected to prevent the formation of procarcinogenic compounds into carcinogens | [72] |
In vitro | Several LAB strains isolated from dadih, including Leuconostoc paramesenteroides R-62 and R-8, Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis R-63 and Streptococcus cremoris R-48, were found to exhibit strong antimutagenic properties against various mutagens such as N-nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitroso-diethylamine (NDEA), N-nitroso-piperidine (NPIP) and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) | [73] | |
In vivo | The milk cultured with E. faecium strain IS-27526 isolated from dadih in Bukittinggi significantly lowered the fecal mutagenicity of rats toward amino acid pyrolyzate (Trp-P1) mutagens | [19] | |
In vitro | The milk cultured with Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris R-48, Leuconostoc mesentroides R-51 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. casei R-68 isolated from dadih, showed strong inhibition against the mutagenicity of both heated salty and sweet tauco | [105] | |
Immunomodulator | In vivo | The salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in underweight Indonesian preschool children significantly increased after 90 days of milk supplementation cultured with E. faecium IS-27626 isolated from dadih, at a dosage of 2.31 × 108 cfu/day | [21] |
In vivo | Supplementation of probiotic L. plantarum strain IS-10506 and zinc for 90 days in young children resulted significant increase of humoral immune response and improved their zinc status | [106] | |
In vivo | Supplementation of L. plantarum strain IS-10506 isolated from dadih stimulates TGF-1 and causes an increase in sIgA (the first line of defense in protecting the intestinal epithelium from enteric toxins and pathogenic microorganisms) in children under two years old | [107] | |
Anticholesterol | In vitro | The LAB present in dadih can reduce serum cholesterol levels through direct binding to dietary cholesterol and/or deconjugation of bile salts | [75] |
In vivo | The rats fed with fermented milk Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IS-10285 isolated from dadih exhibited significantly lower total bile acids in their serum and may contribute to the reduction of cholesterol | [17] | |
GABA-source properties | In vitro | The LAB isolated from dadih, such as Pediococcus and L. plantarum N5, have been identified as potential producers of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) |