Table 4 Respondents perceptions on the utilization and potential benefits of morama bean across four districts of Botswana
Likert items | SA (5) | A (4) | N (3) | D (2) | SD (1) | Mean | σ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional use of morama bean | Â | Frequency | (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
It is consumed raw | 7 (3.2) | 4 (1.8) | 5 (2.3) | 1 (0.5) | 204 (92.3) | 1.23 | 0.85 |
It is roasted and consumed as a snack | 214 (96.8) | 4 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.4) | 4.93 | 0.48 |
It is roasted and mixed with maize to make porridge | 30 (13.6) | 6 (2.7) | 3 (1.4) | 3 (1.4) | 179 (81.0) | 1.67 | 1.40 |
The bean is boiled with maize to make porridge | 17 (7.7) | 4 (1.8) | 2 (0.9) | 6 (2.7) | 192 (86.9) | 1.41 | 1.14 |
Source of oil for cooking | 19 (8.6) | 3 (1.4) | 12 (5.4) | 5 (2.3) | 182 (82.4) | 1.52 | 1.22 |
Green beans are boiled and consumed as vegetables | 185 (83.7) | 8 (3.6) | 1 (0.5) | 6 (2.7) | 21 (9.5) | 4.49 | 1.25 |
Green beans are mixed with soup | 9 (4.1) | 1 (0.5) | 6 (2.7) | 9 (4.1) | 196 (88.7) | 1.27 | 0.88 |
Used to make alcohol | 3 (1.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (1.4) | 214 (96.8) | 1.08 | 0.49 |
Processed into cosmetics | 18 (8.1) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.4) | 2 (0.9) | 198 (89.6) | 1.36 | 1.11 |
Composite mean | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 2.11 | 0.98 |
Knowledge of the value, health benefits, and potential of the bean | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
The morama bean is nutritious | 204 (92.3) | 10 (4.5) | 4 (1.8) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (0.9) | 4.87 | 0.54 |
Morama bean has antioxidant capacity and reduces the risk of asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases | 4 (1.8) | 4 (1.8) | 25 (11.3) | 5 (2.3) | 183 (82.8) | 1.38 | 0.89 |
Used for treatment of diarrhoea | 3 (1.4) | 1 (0.5) | 18 (8.1) | 8 (3.6) | 191 (86.4) | 1.27 | 0.74 |
Used for treatment of eye infection | 3 (1.4) | 3 (1.4) | 17 (7.7) | 5 (2.3) | 193 (87.3) | 1.27 | 0.77 |
Morama beans can help improve household food security as a source of income through sale | 154 (69.7) | 61 (27.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 5 (2.3) | 4.62 | 0.73 |
Morama beans can be processed into value-added products | 110 (49.8) | 60 (27.1) | 31 (14.0) | 3 (1.4) | 17 (7.7) | 4.10 | 1.17 |
Composite mean | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 2.91 | 0.81 |
Barriers to morama bean consumption or utilisation | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Traditional customs, taboos, and beliefs | 2 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) | 5 (2.3) | 2 (0.9) | 211 (95.5) | 1.10 | 0.53 |
Lack of knowledge on the nutritional quality of morama bean | 19 (8.6) | 12 (5.4) | 82 (37.1) | 5 (2.3) | 103 (46.6) | 2.27 | 1.33 |
Cooked/roasted morama bean tastes bitter and is unpalatable | 4 (1.8) | 7 (3.2) | 6 (2.7) | 6 (2.7) | 198 (89.9) | 1.25 | 0.81 |
It is scarce and the harvest amount is usually limited | 60 (27.1) | 10 (4.5) | 3 (1.4) | 8 (3.6) | 140 (63.3) | 2.29 | 1.79 |
Controlled harvesting regulations | 11 (5.0) | 2 (0.9) | 15 (6.8) | 6 (2.7) | 187 (84.6) | 1.39 | 1.02 |
Removing the shell is a challenge | 48 (21.7) | 83 (37.6) | 5 (2.3) | 7 (3.2) | 78 (35.3) | 3.07 | 1.64 |
Modern alternative food choices | 11 (5.0) | 11 (5.0) | 68 (30.8) | 10 (4.5) | 121 (54.8) | 2.01 | 1.23 |
Composite mean | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1.91 | 1.19 |