Table 5 The functional properties of dangke

Antimicrobial

In vitro

Two LAB strains, Weisella confusa JCM 1093 and L.fermentum NBRC 15885, isolated from dangke made of cow and buffalo milk, produced a crude bacteriocin, with L. fermentum NBRC 15885 exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus

[20]

Antimicrobial

In vitro

Antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli was detected in dangke whey, a byproduct of dangke production that was fermented with 3% v/v L. plantarum FNCC 0047

[69]

Antimicrobial

In vivo

Synbiotics from dangke lactic acid bacteria and Dahlia tuber inulin improved mice performance and reduced diarrhea by inhibiting E. coli (EPEC) proliferation and adhesion

[70]

Antioxidant

In vitro

Dangke showed high antioxidant activity by the FRAP method, which increased with the addition of 5–10% v/v L. plantarum IIA-1A5 as a culture starter

[21]

Antihypertensive

In vitro

Dangke exhibited moderate ACE inhibitory activity, which increased with the addition of 5–10% v/v L. plantarum IIA-1A5 as a culture starter, potentially offering benefits in hypertension management

[21]

Antihyperglycemic

In vivo

Dangke consumption for 14 days at doses of 0.5 g or 1.5 g improved glycemic control by reducing fasting blood glucose levels in rats treated with propylthiouracil, in combination with a high-fat diet and dextrose

[23]

Anti-hypercholesterolemic

In vitro

LAB isolated from dangke, including L. fermentum B111K and L. plantarum IIA-1A5, have cholesterol-lowering effects by assimilating cholesterol, with L. plantarum IIA-1A5 also possessing the bile salt hydrolase (BSH) gene and exhibiting BSH activity

[24]

Anti-hypercholesterolemic

In vivo

The administration of 50% whey dangke in drinking water for 15 days for broiler chickens has been reported to reduce cholesterol, lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels in the blood of broiler chickens by up to 15%

[8]

Antianaemia

In vivo

Consumption of dangke crackers, with 90 packs (100 g each) provided over 12 weeks along with blood-enriching tablets, significantly increased hemoglobin levels in second-trimester pregnant women with anemia compared o the control group receiving only the tablets

[66]

Anti dental caries

In vivo

Consuming 50 g of dangke twice a day for 7 days had a significant impact on preventing dental caries by increasing calcium and phosphate levels in saliva, promoting remineralization by reducing enamel microporosity, and decreasing the number of bacteria in dental plaque

[73]